Kuka naimisissa Nelson Mandela?

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( man-DEL-ə, Xhosa: [xolíɬaɬa mandɛ̂ːla]; born Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who was the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first Black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His administration focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial reconciliation and a multiracial democracy. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.

A Xhosa, Mandela was born into the Thembu royal family in Mvezo, South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged whites, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant uMkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 that led a sabotage campaign against the apartheid government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and, following the Rivonia Trial, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state.

Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.

Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation".

Evelyn Ntoko Mase (18 May 1922 – 30 April 2004), later named Evelyn Rakeepile, was the first wife of the South African anti-apartheid activist and the future president Nelson Mandela, to whom she was married from 1944 to 1958. Mase was a nurse by profession.

Born in Engcobo, Transkei, Mase was orphaned as a child. She moved to Johannesburg to train as a nurse, and there met and married Mandela. Living together in Soweto, they raised four children, three of whom—Thembekile, Makgatho, and Makaziwe—survived into adulthood. She trained to be a midwife while working as a nurse. In the 1950s, her relationship with Mandela became strained. He was becoming increasingly involved in the African National Congress and its campaign against apartheid; Mase eschewed politics and became a Jehovah's Witness. She also accused him of adultery with several women, an accusation corroborated by later biographies, and of being physically abusive, something he always denied. They separated in 1956. She initially filed for divorce, but did not go through with the legal proceedings. In 1958, Mandela, who was hoping to marry Winnie Madikizela, obtained an uncontested divorce from Mase.

Taking the children, Mase moved to Cofimvaba and opened a grocery store. She generally avoided publicity, but spoke to South African reporters when Mandela was released from prison after 27 years in 1990. Deepening her involvement with the Jehovah's Witnesses, in 1998 she married a businessman, Simon Rakeepile. She died in 2004 following a respiratory illness. Her funeral attracted international media attention and was attended by Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, and Mandela's third wife, Graça Machel.

Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (26. syyskuuta 1936 Transkei, Etelä-Afrikka – 2. huhtikuuta 2018 Johannesburg, Etelä-Afrikka) oli eteläafrikkalainen poliitikko, joka on toiminut monissa valtiollisissa tehtävissä ja johtanut ANC:n naisjaostoa. Hän oli naimisissa Nelson Mandelan kanssa 38 vuotta kesäkuusta 1958 maaliskuuhun 1996, jolloin johannesburgilainen tuomioistuin myönsi heille avioeron.

Aviomiehensä vankeusvuosien aikana Winnie Mandelasta tuli merkittävä rotusortohallituksen vastustaja Etelä-Afrikassa, ja hänet määrättiin useiksi vuosiksi kotiarestiin Brandfortin kaupunkiin. Apartheid-hallinnon kaaduttua hän toimi poliittisissa tehtävissä muun muassa Etelä-Afrikan ensimmäisessä demokraattisessa hallituksessa. Myöhemmin^milloin? Winnie Mandela oli ANC:n toimeenpanevan komitean jäsen ja kansanedustaja. Hän sai edustajanpaikan Etelä-Afrikan parlamenttiin vuoden 2009 vaaleissa.

Glasgow’n yliopiston opiskelijat äänestivät Winnie Mandelan rehtorikseen kaudelle 1987–1990.^selvennä

Winnie Mandela tuomittiin toukokuussa 1991 kuudeksi vuodeksi vankeuteen osallisuudesta neljän nuorukaisen sieppaukseen ja pahoinpitelyyn. Muilutuksessa kolmea nuorta miestä kidutettiin. Neljänneltä, James Seipeiltä (alias Stompie Moeketsi), leikattiin kurkku auki Winnie Mandelan käskystä. Hän oli 14-vuotias.

Huhtikuussa 2003 Winnie Mandela tuomittiin viideksi vuodeksi vankeuteen useista varkauksista ja petoksista. Heinäkuussa 2004 varkaustuomiot kumottiin ja petostuomio lievennettiin ehdolliseksi. Oikeuden mukaan Winnie Mandela ei tavoitellut omaa etua syytteenalaisissa teoissa.

Graça Machel (o.s. Simbine) (s. 17. lokakuuta 1945 Incadine, Portugalin Itä-Afrikka) on mosambikilainen poliitikko ja aktivisti, joka on taistellut erityisesti lasten ja naisten oikeuksien puolesta. Machel on toiminut muun muassa Mosambikin opetus- ja kulttuuriministerinä sekä useissa kansallisissa ja kansainvälisissä järjestöissä. Opetusministerinä hän oli kehittämässä Mosambikin koulutusta. Machel oli The Eldersin perustajajäsen, ja hän johti YK:n tutkimusta konfliktien vaikutuksesta lapsiin. Graça Machelin ensimmäinen puoliso oli Mosambikin presidentti Samora Machel ja toinen puoliso Etelä-Afrikan presidentti Nelson Mandela.